What different types of chromosomes exist?

The centromere is the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids. During mitosis, spindle fibers attach to the centromere via the kinetochore. Centromeres were first defined as genetic loci that direct the behavior of chromosomes. Their physical role is to act as the site of assembly of the kinetochore - a highly complex multiprotein structure that is responsible for the actual events of chromosome segregation - e.g. binding microtubules and signalling to the cell cycle machinery when all chromosomes have adopted correct attachments to the spindle, so that it is safe for cell division to proceed to completion (i.e. for cells to enter anaphase). There are broadly speaking two types of centromeres. “Point centromeres“ bind to specific proteins that recognise particular DNA sequences with high efficiency. Any piece of DNA with the point centromere DNA sequence on it will typically form a centromere if present in the appropriate species. The best characterised point centromeres are those of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. “Regional centromeres“ is the term coined to describe most centromeres, which typically form on regions of preferred DNA sequence, but which can form on other DNA sequences as well. The signal for formation of a regional centromere appears to be epigenetic. Most organisms, ranging from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe to humans, have regional centromeres. Regarding mitotic chromosome structure, centromeres represent a constricted region of the chromosome (often referred to as the primary constriction) where two identical sister chromatids are most closely in contact. When cells enter mitosis, the sister chromatids (which represent the two copies of each chromosomal DNA molecule resulting from DNA replication earlier in the cell cycle and packaged by histones and other proteins into chromatin) are linked all along their length by the action of the cohesin complex. It is now believed that this complex is mostly released from chromosome arms during prophase, so that by the time the chromosomes line up at the mid-plane of the mitotic spindle (also known as the metaphase plate), the last place where they are linked with one another is in the chromatin in and around the centromere. Centromere positions Each chromosome has two arms, labeled p (the shorter of the two) and q (the longer). The p arm is named for “petit“ meaning ’small’; the q arm is named q simply because it follows p in the alphabet. (According to the NCBI, “q“ refers to the French word “queue“ meaning ’tail’.) They can be connected in either metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric or telocentric manner. Metacentric These are X-Shaped chromosomes,have centromere in the middle so that the two arms of the chromosomes are almost equal. A chromosome is metacentric if its two arms are roughly equal in length. In a normal karyotype, two chromosomes are considered metacentric: chromosomes 1 and 3. In some cases, a metacentric chromosome is formed by balanced translocation: the fusion of two acrocentric chromosomes to form one metacentric chromosome Submetacentric If arms’ lengths are unequal, the chromosome is said to be submetacentric. the centromere is near the middle of the chromosome one arm is shorter than other. Acrocentric. If the p (short) arm is so short that it is hard to observe, but still present, then the chromosome is acrocentric (the “acro-“ in acrocentric refers to the Greek word for “peak“). The human genome includes six acrocentric chromosomes: 13, 14, 15, 21, 22 and Y chromosome. In an acrocentric chromosome the p arm contains genetic material including repeated sequences such as nucleolar organizing regions, and can be translocated without significant harm, as in a balanced Robertsonian translocation. The domestic horse genome includes one metacentric chromosome that is homologous to two acrocentric chromosomes in the conspecific but undomesticated Przewalski’s may reflect either fixation of a balanced Robertsonian translocation in domestic horses or, conversely, fixation of the fission of one metacentric chromosome into two acrocentric chromosomes in Przewalski’s horses. A similar situation exists between the human and great ape genomes; in this case, because more species are extant, it is apparent that the evolutionary sequence is a reduction of two acrocentric chromosomes in the great apes to one metacentric chromosome in humans (see Karyotype#Historical note). Telocentric A telocentric chromosome’s centromere is located at the terminal end of the chromosome. Telomeres may extend from both ends of the chromosome. For example, the standard house mouse karyotype has only telocentric do not possess telocentric chromosomes. #multiprotein #centromere #Cancer #microtubules #karyotype #Chromosome #chromatin #mitotic #GeneticsLecture #geneticLoci #metaphasePlate #Iherb #Mitosis #Metacentric #Submetacentric #sisterChromatids #histones #chromosomeSegregation #acrocen