Characterization of Greenbeard Genes Involved in Long-Distance Kind Discrimination in a Microbial

Characterization of Greenbeard Genes Involved in Long-Distance Kind Discrimination in a Microbial Eukaryote. Jens Heller et al (2016), PLoS Biology Microorganisms are capable of communication and cooperation to perform social activities. Cooperation can be enforced using kind discrimination mechanisms in which individuals preferentially help or punish others, depending on genetic relatedness only at certain loci.