T-72 “Ural“ - post-war Soviet medium and main tank T-72“乌拉尔”——战后苏联中型和主坦克 T-72「ウラル」-戦後のソビエト中型および主戦車

T-72 “Ural“ - post-war Soviet medium and main tank. The most massive tank of the second generation. It has been adopted by the USSR Armed Forces since 1973. The T-72 was developed and manufactured by Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil. The chief designer of the machine is V.N. Venediktov. “Ural“ is in service with the CIS countries, was exported to the states of the Warsaw Pact, Finland, India, Iran, Iraq, Syria. Modifications of the T 72 were produced under license in Yugoslavia (M 84), Poland (PT 91), Czechoslovakia and India, which exported them. Development of the T-72 began in 1967. In the course of further work, in 1968-1969, comparative tests were carried out of the main T-64A tanks with a B-45 engine with an ejection cooling system (developed by the Kharkov Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau) and samples with a B 45 engine with a fan cooling system (developed by the design bureau in Nizhny Tagil) and an automatic gun loader for 22 shots. The latter showed better results. In November 1969, the V-46 engines with a capacity of 573 kW (780 hp) and a new chassis began to be installed on these combat vehicles. The sample made with the indicated changes was assigned the index “object 172M“. On August 7, 1973, by a joint resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 554-172, the T-72 tank was adopted by the Soviet Army. Produced in the USSR and Russia from 1974 to 1992 at Uralvagonzavod and Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. In the period from 1974 to 1990, Uralvagonzavod alone produced 20,544 T-72 tanks of various modifications [11]. A total of about 30,000 tanks were produced. The T-72 has a classic layout, with the engine compartment in the stern, the combat compartment in the middle, and the control compartment in the front of the vehicle. The tank’s crew consists of three people: a driver-mechanic, a gunner and a commander, who also performs the functions of a loader after spending ammunition in an automatic loader. After the shot, the air is automatically cleaned from gases in the fighting compartment and the pallets are ejected from the shells through the hatch in the tower. The T-72 has been in service for over 40 years. Dozens of countries around the world are using this tank. Deeply modernized versions of the T-72B - T-72B3, especially the T-72B3M - meet the requirements of modern warfare Modification of the T-72B (object 184; 1985) - a modernized version of the T-72A tank with a 9K120 Svir guided weapon system, Contact reactive armor, a V-84 engine and an SUO 1A40, replacing the 2A46 cannon with a 2A46M cannon-launcher ... Reservation of VLD was significantly strengthened (equivalent to BPS 490-550 mm) and a new tower was used with a filler of the “reflective sheets“ type T-72B1 (object 184-1; 1985) - a variant of the T-72B tank without the installation of some elements of the guided weapons complex. It differs from the T-72B in the TPN-3-49 “Kristall-PA“ night sight used instead of the 1K13. T-72“乌拉尔” - 战后苏联中型和主坦克。 第二代最大的坦克。自 1973 年以来，它已被苏联武装部队采用。 T-72 由位于下塔吉尔的 Uralvagonzavod 开发和制造。该机器的首席设计师是 V.N. Venediktov。 “乌拉尔”在独联体国家服役，出口到华沙条约国、芬兰、印度、伊朗、伊拉克、叙利亚。 T 72 的改装在南斯拉夫 (M 84)、波兰 (PT 91)、捷克斯洛伐克和印度的许可下生产，并出口。 T-72 的开发始于 1967 年。在进一步工作的过程中，1968-1969年，对装有带弹射冷却系统的B-45发动机（由哈尔科夫机械工程设计局研制）的T-64A主坦克和装有B带有风扇冷却系统的 45 发动机（由 Nizhny Tagil 的设计局开发）和用于 22 发子弹的自动装弹机。后者显示出更好的结果。 1969 年 11 月，容量为 573 千瓦（780 马力）和新底盘的 V-46 发动机开始安装在这些战车上。使用指定更改制作的样本被分配了索引“对象 172M”。 1973年8月7日，经苏共中央和苏联部长会议第554-172号联合决议，T-72坦克被苏军采用。 1974 年至 1992 年在苏联和俄罗斯在乌拉尔瓦贡扎沃德和车里雅宾斯克拖拉机厂生产。 在 1974 年至 1990 年期间，仅乌拉尔瓦贡扎沃德就生产了 20,544 辆各种改装的 T-72 坦克 [11]。总共生产了大约30,000辆坦克。 T-72具有经典的布局，发动机舱在船尾，战斗舱在中间，控制舱在车辆前部。坦克的乘员由三人组成：驾驶员机械师、炮手和指挥官，在自动装弹机中消耗弹药后，他们还充当装弹员。射击后，战斗舱内的气体会自动清除空气中的气体，托盘通过塔内的舱口从炮弹中弹出。 T-72 已经服役 40 多年。世界上有几十个国家正在使用这种坦克。 T-72B 的深度现代化版本 - T-72B3，尤其是 T-72B3M - 满足现代战争的要求 T-72B 的改装（对象 184；1985）——T-72A 坦克的现代化版本，配备 9K120 Svir 制导武器系统、接触反应装甲、V-84 发动机和 SUO 1A40，用2A46M&am