International Relations Class 02

Treaty of Westphalia (1648) - Laid foundations for modern IR concepts like sovereignty. Economic Determinants of Foreign Policy - India’s economic policies aimed at enhancing growth and establishing regional hegemony. Military Determinants - India’s nuclear capability established post-Operation Shakti. Historical Determinants - Influence of colonial history and partition on foreign policy. India’s Neighbors - Importance of regional harmony and avoiding external interference. Key Statements on Neighborhood Relations - Quotes from Vajpayee, Singh, and Modi emphasizing the interconnectedness of neighboring countries. Gujaral Doctrine - Principle of non-reciprocity in India’s approach to neighboring countries. Panchsheel Principles - Five principles for peaceful coexistence in international relations. Relevance of Gujaral Doctrine - Enhances India’s image as a supportive regional power, counters China. Neighborhood First Policy (2014) - Modi government’s approach focusing on diplomacy, resources, connectivity, and regionalism. India-Pakistan Relations - Complex history marked by wars and ongoing tensions. Wars and Agreements - Summary of wars (1948, 1965, 1971, Kargil) and subsequent peace agreements. 1971 War Impact - Shift in Pakistan’s defense strategy post-1971 defeat. India-Pakistan Conundrum - Dialogue-Disruption-Dialogue cycle influenced by vested interests like the Deep State and Jihadi elements. Examples of Disruption - Key instances (e.g., 1999 Kargil, 2001 Parliament Attack) derailing diplomatic efforts. Composite Dialogue (2004) - Attempts at addressing key issues like terrorism and Kashmir. Cold Peace Period (2019-Present) - Suspension of high-level engagement and cultural exchanges post-Pulwama. LOC Ceasefire Agreement (2021) - Renewal led by NSA-level dialogues. Cold Peace Features - Limited, tactical interactions on urgent issues. Path Forward in Relations - Strategies to manage Pakistan’s terrorism sponsorship, enhance international pressure, and promote soft power.